General References

Brewer, R. 1988. The science of ecology. Philadelphia: Sunders College Publishing.

Brown, G. W., JR.  1968.  Desert biology:  special topics on the physical and biological aspects of arid regions (volume I).  New York and London:  Academic Press.

Brown, G. W., JR.  1974.  Desert biology: special topics on the physical and biological aspects of arid regions (Volume II).  New York and London:  Academic Press.

Costello, D. F.  1972.  The Desert World.  New York:  Thomas Y. Crowell Company.

Jaeger, E. C. 1957.  The North American Deserts: Stanford:  Stanford University Press.

Leopold, A. S.  1962.  The Desert.  New York:  Time Incorporated.

Noy-Meir, I. 1973. Desert ecosystems: environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 4:25-51.

Noy-Meir, I. 1974. Desert ecosystems: higher trophic levels. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5:195-214.

Raven, P. H. and G. B. Johnson. 1992.  Biology:  3rd edition.  St. Louis:  Mosby-Year Book, Inc.

Ricklefs, R. 1993. The economy of nature: third edition. N.Y:.W.H. Freeman.

Smith, R. L. 1996. Ecology and field biology: fifth edition. N.Y.: Harper Collins.
 
 

Human History

Baker, T.L., Rae, S.R., Minor, J.E. and S.V. Connor. 1973. Water for the Southwest : Historical Survey and Guide to Historic Sites. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

Bowden, C. 1978. Killing the Hidden Waters. Austin: University of Texas Press

Findley, R. 1978. Great American Deserts. Washington D.C.: National Geographis Society.

Hollon, E. W. 1966. The Great American Desert Then and Now.  New York: Oxford University Press.

Reisner, M.. 1986. Cadillac Desert. New York: Viking Penguin Inc.

Ward, G.C. 1996. The West an Illustrated History. New York: Little, Brown, and Company.

White, R. 1993. "It's Your Misfourtune and None of my Own" : A history of the American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
 

Irrigation

Allan, T. and A. Warren. 1993. Deserts the encroaching wilderness. NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Booker, J.F. and R.A. Young. 1991. Economic impacts of alternative water allocation institutions in the Colorado River Basin.

Cohen, M.J.. 1997. Taking water from the desert: an insitutional perspective on the environmental impacts of reductions in the flow of the Colorado River. San Diego : San Diego University Press.

Cooperrider, A.Y., D.S. Wilcove, and Contributors. 1995. Defending the desert - conserving biodiversity of BLM lands in the Southwest. New York: Environmental Defense Fund.

El-Ashry, M.T. and D.C. Gibbons. 1986. Troubled waters new policies for managing water in the american west.  World Resources Institute.

Feldman, D.L. 1991. Water resource management - in search of an environmental ethic. Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press.

Hendrickson, D.A. and D.M. Kubly. 1984. Desert waters: past, present, and future. The Nature Conservancy News 34 (5): 6-12

Law, J.P., and A.G. Hornsby. 1982. The colorado river salinity problem. Water Supply and Management 6: 87-103.

Miller, O.T., G.D. Weatherford, and J.E. Thorson. The salty colorado. Washington D.C.: The
Conservation Foundation.

Rhoades, J.D.. 1990. Soil salinity - causes and controls. Pages 109-134 in Andrew Goudie. Techniques for desert reclamation. NewYork: Wiley Publishers.

Schoenherr, A.A.. 1986. A review of the life history and status of the Desert Pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius. Pages 66-80 in Robert Zahary. Desert ecology. Southern CA Academy of Sciences.

Sheridan, D. 1981. Desertification of the United States. Council on Environmental Quality.

Wallace, R. 1975. The Grand Canyon. New York: Time-Life Books.

Wolman, M.G. 1987. Land transformation in agriculture. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons.
 

Riparian Areas

Breen, D. H.  1983.  Canadian prairie west and the ranching frontier.    Toronto University of Toronto Press.

Cohen, M. J. 1997.  Masters Thesis. Taking water from the desert:  an institutional perspective on the environmental impacts of reductions in the flow of the Colorado River between Parker Dam and Imperial Reservoir. San Diego State University.

Doppeit, B., M. Scurlock, C. Frissell, and J. Karr. 1993. Entering the watershed: a new approach to save America's river ecosystems. Covelo, CA: Island Press.

Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. McKee, and K. W. Cummins.  1991.  An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones:  focus on links between land and water.  Bioscience 41: 540-551.

Fitch, L. and B. W. Adams.  1998. Can cows and fish coexist?  Canadian Journal of plant science 78: 191-198.

Mosley, J. C., P. S. Cook, A. J. Griffis, and J. O'Laughlin.  1998.  Guidelines for managing cattle grazing in riparian areas to protect water quality: review of research and best management practices policy.  URL http://www.vidaho.edu/cfwr/pag/15es.html

Smith, S. D., A. B. Wellington, J. L. Nachlinger, and C. A. Fox. 1991.  Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversion in eastern Sierra Nevada.  Ecological Applications 1:  89-97.

World Resources Institute.  1994.  Focus on North American rangelands - a guide to the global environment.  Washington, D. C. World Resources Institute.
 

Invasive Species

Brock, J. H. 1994.  Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), and invasive exotic woody plant in arid and semi- arid riparian habitats of western USA.  Pages 27-44 in L. C. de Waal, L. E. Child, P. M. Wade, and J. H. Brock, editors.  Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants.  Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.

Brotherson, J. D., J. G. Carman, and L. A. Szyska.  1984.  Stem-diameter age relationships of  Tamarix ramosissima in central Utah.  Journal of Range Management 37:362-364.
 
Christensen, E. M. 1962.  The rate of naturalization of Tamarix in Utah.  American Midland Naturalist 68:51-56.
 
Cleverly, J. R., S. D. Smith, A. Sala, and D. A. Devitt.  1997.  Invasive capacity of Tamarixramosissima in a Mojave desert floodplain: the role of drought.  Oecologia 111:12-18.
 
Di Tomaso, J. M.  1996.  Identification, biology, and ecology of saltcedar.  Saltcedar Management Workshop 2.
 
Di Tomaso, J. M.  1998.  Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwest United States.  Weed Technology 12:326-336.
 
Duncan, K. W. and K. C. McDaniel.  1998.  Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) management with imazapyr.  Weed Technology 12:337-344.

James, D.  1998.  The threat of exotic grasses to the biodiversity of semi-arid ecosystems.  Arid Lands Newsletter 37.
 
Lovich, J. E.  1996. A brief overview of the impact of Tamarix infestation on native plants and animals.  Saltcedar Management Workshop 4.

Taylor, J. P. and K. C. McDaniel.  1998.  Restoration of saltcedar (Tamarix sp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge.  Weed Technology 12:345-352.

Wiesenborn, W. D.  1996.  Saltcedar impacts on salinity, water, fire frequency, and flooding.  Saltcedar Management Workshop 3.
 

Urban Areas

Golf Courses May Cool the Desert. 1988. Science News 134: 203.

Luoma, J.R. 1996. The Drying of the Rivers. Audubon 98 (3): 26-29.

Parlange, M. 1998. The City as Ecosystem. Bioscience 48 (8): 581-585.

Rosenberg, K.V. 1987. Value of Suburban habitats to desert riparian birds. Wilson Bulletin 99: 642-654.

The Rio Salado Project. Phoenix at Your Fingertips. 1995.
URL http://www.ci.phoenix.az.us/NBHDPGMS/rioproj.html.

U.S. Census Bureau. 1992. URL http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/ccdb301.txt.

Water Conservation is Beauty of Xeriscaping. 1998.
URL http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/water/wu/drought/nycu2.html.

Water Facts.  Phoenix at Your Fingertips. 1995. URL http://www.ci.phoenix.az.us/WATER/wrfacts.html.

 
Biotic Soil Crusts

Belnap, J. 1993. Recovery rates of cryptobiotic crusts: inoculant use and assessment methods. Great     Basin Naturalist 53:80-95.

Belnap, J. 1994. Cryptobiotic soil crusts: basis for arid land restoration (Utah). Restoration and Management Notes 12:85-86.

Belnap, J. 1995. Surface disturbances: their role in accelerating desertification. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37:39-57.

Belnap, J. 7/04/99. Cryptobiotic soils: holding the place in place.. Impacts of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey. Maintained by Peter Schweitzer and Randy Schumann. Accessed 4/27/99. Url:http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/biology/crypto/.

Belnap, J. and J. S. Gardner. 1993. Soil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau: the role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus. Great Basin Naturalist 53:40-47.

Belnap, J., Kimball T. Harper and S. D. Warren. 1993. Surface disturbance of cryptobiotic soil crusts: nitrogenase activity, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll degradation. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 8:1-8.

Belnap, J. and D.A. Gillette. 1997. Disturbance of biological soil crusts: impacts on potential wind eroidibility of sandy desert soils in Southeastern Utah. Land Degradation and Development 8:355-362.

Belnap, J. and D. A. Gillette. 1998. Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion: the influence of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance. Journal of Arid Environments 39:133-142.

Brainard, J. 1998. Patton tank marks suggest long recovery. Science News 154:87.

Evans, R. D., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1993. Broken nitrogen cycles in arid lands: evidence from 15N of soils. Oecologia 94:314-317.

Gillis, A. M. 1994. Crustful of nutrients. BioScience 44:735-736.

Knutsen, G. and B. Metting. 1991. Micro algal mass culture and forced development of biological crusts in arid lands. Pages 487-503 in J. Skujins, Editor. Semiarid Lands and Deserts. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Lange, O.L., J. Belnap and H. Reichenberger. 1998. Photosynthesis of the cyanobacterial soil-crust lichen Collema tenax from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: role of water content on light and temperature responses of carbon dioxide exchange. Functional Ecology 12:195-202.

Mayland, H.F., T.H. McIntosh. 1966. Availability of biologically fixed atmoshperic nitrogen-15 to higher plants. Nature 209:421-422.

Metting, B. 1991. Biological surface features of semi-arid lands and deserts. Pages 257-293 in J. Skujins, Editor. Semiarid Lands and Deserts. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Moore, P. D. 1998. Life in the upper crust. Nature 393:419-420.

Mouat, D., J. Lancaster, T. Wade, J. Wickham, C. Fox, W. Kepner and T. Ball. 1996. Desertification evaluated using an integrated environmental assessment model. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 48:139-156.

St.Clair, L. L., J. R. Johansen, and S. R. Rushforth. 1993. Lichens of soil crust communities in the intermountain area of the western United States. Great Basin Naturalist 53:5-12.